National government debts are usually owed to a variety of domestic banks, private investors, and similar interests. I don’t know about China for sure, but I’ve never seen anything indicating that it’s different in this regard. Not much of it, as a proportion, is owed to foreign governments or investors. So far as I’m aware, the main unusual things about China’s government debt is that Chinese citizens have a high savings rate (meaning banks holding those savings have more to work with as creditors) and the provincial governments have quite a lot of debt (potentially almost as much as the central government when added up, though I don’t know where to get reliable numbers for this)
For the US, only the state is debtor for the last years, while households, businesses, and foreigners are creditors.
The key word to search for “sectoral balances”. I could not quickly find any good and recent data for the EU or China though. For Germany, state and foreigners are debtors, but that is probably not true for the whole EU.
Debt to who exactly?
Jesus
National government debts are usually owed to a variety of domestic banks, private investors, and similar interests. I don’t know about China for sure, but I’ve never seen anything indicating that it’s different in this regard. Not much of it, as a proportion, is owed to foreign governments or investors. So far as I’m aware, the main unusual things about China’s government debt is that Chinese citizens have a high savings rate (meaning banks holding those savings have more to work with as creditors) and the provincial governments have quite a lot of debt (potentially almost as much as the central government when added up, though I don’t know where to get reliable numbers for this)
For the US, only the state is debtor for the last years, while households, businesses, and foreigners are creditors.
The key word to search for “sectoral balances”. I could not quickly find any good and recent data for the EU or China though. For Germany, state and foreigners are debtors, but that is probably not true for the whole EU.
The rich?